Mangifera indica
Mango is a common feeding plants for macaques living in temples in Thailand. The macaques eat several plant parts such as young leaves, flowers, unripe and ripe fruits.
Mango is a common feeding plants for macaques living in temples in Thailand. The macaques eat several plant parts such as young leaves, flowers, unripe and ripe fruits.
The common mango has been cultivated for thousands of years and now has a pantropical distribution. Wild populations can be found in Assam, India and Myanmar, especially the Assam-Chittagong Hills.
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Mangifera indica is among the most economically and culturally important tropical fruits, especially in Asia. It was originally found in the foothills of the Himalayas in northeastern India, Burma, and Bangladesh and domesticated thousands of years ago (possibly independently in Southeast Asia). It is now grown in most tropical countries and some subtropical ones (it is grown as far north as 35° to 37° N in southern Spain). Many cultivars in India have been vegetatively propagated for hundreds of years. Early on, hundreds of years ago, mango was brought to Malaysia and other East Asian countries, then to East and West Africa, and finally to the New World. The Portugese introduced the mango to Brazil from their colonies in Mozambique and Angola and mangos were introduced to Mexico and Panama via the Philippines. Mangos were introduced to the West Indies in the mid-to late 1700s, probably via Brazil. In the tropics, mangos grow at elevations up to 1200 m. The trees may reach 40 m or more in height and live for several hundred years. They bear rosettes of evergreen leaves (red or yellow at first) and dense panicles up to 30 cm long of small (5 to 10 mm) reddish or yellowish flowers. The fruits, which range from 2.5 cm to more than 30 cm in length, depending on the cultivar, vary in shape (from round to oval, egg-shaped, or kidney-shaped) and color (green, yellow, red, purple) with a dotted skin. (Vaughan and Geissler 1997; Bompard 2009 and references therein; Mukherjee and Litz 2009 and references therein) A single mature mango tree can produce 2000 to 2500 ripe fruits (Jiron and Headström 1985).
India has long been a major mango producer, but as of 2009 China had risen to become the world's second largest mango producer, with India's production representing less than half the world total. Fresh mangos are now available in stores year-round in North America, Europe, and Japan. (Litz 2009) According to Evans and Mendoza (2009), the majority of the mangos imported by North America come from Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, and Haiti. India and Pakistan are the main suppliers of western Asia. Southeast Asia is supplied mainly by the Philippines and Thailand. Europe imports mangos mainly from South America and Asia. India and Mexico each account for roughly a fifth to a quarter of world mango exports. World mango imports more than doubled between 1996 and 2005, with the United States accounting for a third of all mango imports.
The peel of the fruit and other parts of the mango can cause contact dermatitis in some people, as is the case for many species in the plant family Anacardiaceae.
The many contributors to Litz (2009) provide a comprehensive overview of mango biology and cultivation.
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Rights holder/Author | Shapiro, Leo, Shapiro, Leo, EOL Rapid Response Team |
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General: The cashew family (Anacardiaceae), of which mango is a member, includes a number of species which can cause severe skin irritation in humans. Poison ivy (Rhus toxicodendron), found in North America, is one particularly notable example. For most people, mango has no such effect, but in sensitive individuals ingestion of the fruit, or skin contact with its juice, may cause a poison ivy-like rash.
Mango is a large evergreen tree that can reach 15 to 30 m tall. They are fast growing erect trees with slender to broad and rounded upright canopy that can be used for landscape and shade. The trees are long -lived with some still producing fruit at 300 years old. The tree is anchored by a long unbranched taproot can descend to a depth of 6-8 m plus a mass of feeder roots. The feeder roots send down anchor roots which penetrate the soil to a depth of 1.2 m and spread lateral as far as 7.5 m.
The leaves are alternate, simple, leathery, oblong-lanceolate, 29-30 cm long X 3-5 cm wide on flowering branches, up to 50 cm on sterile branches. The young leaves are red, aging to shiny dark green above, lighter below, with yellow or white venation.
The inflorescence is a much-branched panicle bearing many very small (4 mm) greenish white or pinkish flowers. Both male and bisexual flowers are borne on the same tree. The flowers are radially symmetrical, and usually have 5 petals, streaked with red. There is usually only 1 fertile stamen per flower; the 4 other stamens are sterile. The flower has a conspicuous 5-lobed disk between the petals and stamens.
The fruit is an irregularly egg-shaped and slightly compressed fleshy drupe, 8-12 (-30) cm long, attached at the broadest end on a pendulous stalk. The skin is smooth greenish-yellow, sometimes tinged with red. The underlying yellow-orange flesh varies in quality from soft, sweet, juicy and fiber-free in high-quality selected (clonal) varieties to turpentine-flavored and fibrous in unselected (wild) seedlings. The single, compressed-ovoid seed is encased in the white fibrous inner layer of the fruit.
Mangoes can be round, oval, heart-shaped, or kidney-shaped; and can weigh as little as a few ounces or as much as five pounds. Their highly aromatic flesh surrounds a very large inedible flat seed. At its best, it has a pleasant resinous quality, but at its worst can smell like kerosene. The soft pulp is juicy and sweet, although it can sometimes has an acid overtone. Some mangoes have fibrous flesh, while others are buttery all the way through.
The round or oval fruit is somewhat flattened and can weigh up to 0.5 kg. The flesh of good fruit has a pleasant aromatic flavor, but inferior varieties have a turpentine flavor and can be rather fibrous. In the centre is the large fibrous flat seed containing a kernel.
Distribution and Habitat: The mango is native to southern Asia, especially Burma and eastern India. It spread early on to Malaya, eastern Asia and eastern Africa.
Mangoes are grown throughout the tropics, from the Caribbean to Africa, South-East Asia, Australia, as well as India, where the history of the fruit goes back over 6,000 years and closely connected to the Hindu religion. As long ago as the 16th century, mangoes had been distributed via cultivation throughout the Indian subcontinent, and eventually to all tropical regions of the world.
It performs best at elevations from 0-1200 m. with a pronounced rainy season for vegetative growth, a dry season for flowering and fruiting, and on well-drained soils ranging in pH between 5.5 to 7.5. It was not until the 19th century that traders introduced the fruit to the West Indies, Africa, South America, Mexico, Florida, and Hawaii. Mangoes were introduced to California (Santa Barbara) in 1880.
For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site.
"The name mango, almost identical in countless languages, is derived from Tamil, and was transferred to the West by the Portuguese. The general term for """"mango"""" in Tamil is mamaran, but the fruit is usually referred to either as manpalam (also transcribed mambazham for """"ripe mango fruit"""" or mangai for """"unripe mango fruit"""". The term 'mangai' seems to have been picked up by Portuguese sailors who encountered the fruits at harbours and markets. It is possible that mangoes were dominantly traded in their unripe state at that time. The North Indian names for mango derive from Sanskrit 'amra', which is probably also derived from the Tamil word for mango. The genus name Mangifera (""""bringer of mango"""") contains Latin ferre """"carry, bring"""" (see also asafetida), cf. Lucifer """"bringer of light"""" or Christopher """"he who carries Christ"""". A native of Burma, Sikkim, Khasia and the W. Ghats (India) , Mango, the national fruit of India, Philippines and Pakistan, is among the most economically and culturally important tropical fruits, especially in Asia. Mangoes belong to the family Anacardiaceae and genus Mangifera. The genus Mangifera contains several species that bear edible fruit. Most of the fruit trees that are commonly known as mangoes belong to the species Mangifera indica. The other edible Mangifera species generally have lower quality fruit and are commonly referred to as wild mangoes. Mangoes were originally found in the foothills of the Himalayas in northeastern India, Burma, and Bangladesh, and were domesticated thousands of years ago, possibly independently in Southeast Asia. Many cultivars in India have been vegetatively propagated for hundreds of years. Now, however, this tree is grown in most tropical countries and some subtropical ones - it is grown as far north as 35° to 37° N in southern Spain. Very soon after it's discovery, mangoes were brought to Malaysia and other East Asian countries, then to East and West Africa, and finally to the New World. Mangoes were introduced to Brazil by the Portugese from their colonies in Mozambique and Angola; to Mexico and Panama via the Philippine; and, to the West Indies in the mid-to late 1700s, probably via Brazil. Much of the spread and naturalization of mangoes has occurred in connjunction with the spread of human populations, and as such, the mango plays an important part in the diet and cuisine of many diverse cultures. That there are over 1000 named mango varieties throughout the world today is in itslf a testament to their value to humans."
Árbol.
Extensive information on propagation and establishment, particularly through grafting for the Pacific Basin Islands can be found in Bally (2006). This document is available on the Web at <www.traditionaltree.org>.
In deep sandy type soil the tap root will decend to 20 feet with the feeder roots growing in descending order. The mango requires full sun and perfect air drainage in winter.
Mangos will grow in almost any well-drained sandy, loam or clay soil but does not grow well in heavy wet soils. Soil ph must be between 5.5 and 7.5. They are somewhat tolerant of alkalinity. Plantings established during the dry season will require rainfall or irrigation everyday. The amount of irrigation required will depend on soil type, amount of rainfall, and temperature. Light sandy soils will require almost continues watering until the fruit is harvested. Irrigation should be discontinued when rainfall is sufficient enough to keep the soil moist. Young seedlings require applications of nitrogen fertilizer to promote healthy growth and flower production. However, care must be taken not to create fertilizer burn.
Propagation by seed: Remove the husk and plant the seed with the hump at soil level. Seed will normally germinate in two to four weeks. Seedlings developed from seed will bloom and bear in three to six years.
Propagation by grafting: Small plants with a diameter about the size of a pencil graft well with the common whip graft. Crown groove graft allows several scions to be put on at once. Fully grown trees may be top-worked by crown groove bark graft or prune hard and whip graft sprouts later. Plastic bagging with a few drops of moisture will improve the graft’s chances of being successful. Grafts are most successful if the leaves are allowed to remain below the graft, but removed suckers. When top working, do not dehorn the entire tree, leave several braches fully leafed.
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"Invasiveness: Not an aggressively invasive species. Toxicity: Sap - Exuded from the trunk, branches, stalk and skin of the unripe fruit, contains mangiferen, resinous acid, mangiferic acid, and the resinol, mangiferol. This is a potent skin irritant, capable of blistering the skin of a normal individual. Tyoically, like poison ivy, this gives a delayed reaction. Hypersensitive persons may react with considerable swelling of the eyelids, the face, and other parts of the body. They may not be able to handle, peel, or eat mangoes or any food containing mango flesh or juice. Leaves - Contain the glucoside, mangiferine. In India, cows were formerly fed mango leaves to obtain euxanthic acid from their urine. This is a rich yellow in colour and has been used as a dye. The practice has been outlawed because continuous intake of leaves may be fatal. Flowers and Pollen - When mango trees are in bloom, it is not uncommon for people to suffer itching around the eyes, facial swelling and respiratory difficulty, even though there is no airborne pollen. Pollen grains are large, and, they tend to adhere to each other even in dry weather. The stigma is small and not designed to catch wind-borne pollen. The irritant is probably the vaporized essential oil of the flowers which contains the sesquiterpene alcohol, mangiferol, and the ketone, mangiferone. Mango trunk and branches - Mango wood should never be used in fireplaces or for cooking fuel, as its smoke is highly irritant."
Wood moderately hard and used for making furniture and boats. Fruits are edible. Pickles are prepared from the immature fruits.
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